高斯混合模型正弦曲线#

此示例演示了高斯混合模型对非从高斯随机变量混合中采样的数据进行拟合的行为。该数据集由 100 个点组成，这些点松散地分布在一个有噪声的正弦曲线上。因此，高斯分量的数量没有真实值。

第一个模型是经典的高斯混合模型，具有 10 个分量，使用期望最大化算法拟合。

第二个模型是贝叶斯高斯混合模型，具有使用变分推断拟合的狄利克雷过程先验。低浓度先验值使模型倾向于较少数量的活动分量。该模型“决定”将其建模能力集中在数据集结构的全貌上：由非对角协方差矩阵建模的具有交替方向的点组。这些交替方向大致捕获了原始正弦信号的交替性质。

第三个模型也是一个具有狄利克雷过程先验的贝叶斯高斯混合模型，但这次浓度先验的值更高，这使得模型可以更自由地对数据的细粒度结构进行建模。结果是一个具有更多活动分量的混合，类似于我们任意决定将分量数量固定为 10 的第一个模型。

哪个模型最好是一个主观判断的问题：我们是想要支持仅捕获大局以概括和解释数据的大部分结构而忽略细节的模型，还是更喜欢紧密遵循信号高密度区域的模型？

最后两个面板显示了我们如何从最后两个模型中采样。结果样本分布看起来并不完全像原始数据分布。差异主要源于我们使用模型做出的近似误差，该模型假设数据是由有限数量的高斯分量而不是连续的噪声正弦曲线生成的。

$Expectation-maximization, Bayesian Gaussian mixture models with a Dirichlet process prior for $\gamma_0=0.01$., Gaussian mixture with a Dirichlet process prior for $\gamma_0=0.01$ sampled with $2000$ samples., Bayesian Gaussian mixture models with a Dirichlet process prior for $\gamma_0=100$, Gaussian mixture with a Dirichlet process prior for $\gamma_0=100$ sampled with $2000$ samples.$

import itertools

import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from scipy import linalg

from sklearn import mixture

color_iter = itertools.cycle(["navy", "c", "cornflowerblue", "gold", "darkorange"])


def plot_results(X, Y, means, covariances, index, title):
    splot = plt.subplot(5, 1, 1 + index)
    for i, (mean, covar, color) in enumerate(zip(means, covariances, color_iter)):
        v, w = linalg.eigh(covar)
        v = 2.0 * np.sqrt(2.0) * np.sqrt(v)
        u = w[0] / linalg.norm(w[0])
        # as the DP will not use every component it has access to
        # unless it needs it, we shouldn't plot the redundant
        # components.
        if not np.any(Y == i):
            continue
        plt.scatter(X[Y == i, 0], X[Y == i, 1], 0.8, color=color)

        # Plot an ellipse to show the Gaussian component
        angle = np.arctan(u[1] / u[0])
        angle = 180.0 * angle / np.pi  # convert to degrees
        ell = mpl.patches.Ellipse(mean, v[0], v[1], angle=180.0 + angle, color=color)
        ell.set_clip_box(splot.bbox)
        ell.set_alpha(0.5)
        splot.add_artist(ell)

    plt.xlim(-6.0, 4.0 * np.pi - 6.0)
    plt.ylim(-5.0, 5.0)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xticks(())
    plt.yticks(())


def plot_samples(X, Y, n_components, index, title):
    plt.subplot(5, 1, 4 + index)
    for i, color in zip(range(n_components), color_iter):
        # as the DP will not use every component it has access to
        # unless it needs it, we shouldn't plot the redundant
        # components.
        if not np.any(Y == i):
            continue
        plt.scatter(X[Y == i, 0], X[Y == i, 1], 0.8, color=color)

    plt.xlim(-6.0, 4.0 * np.pi - 6.0)
    plt.ylim(-5.0, 5.0)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xticks(())
    plt.yticks(())


# Parameters
n_samples = 100

# Generate random sample following a sine curve
np.random.seed(0)
X = np.zeros((n_samples, 2))
step = 4.0 * np.pi / n_samples

for i in range(X.shape[0]):
    x = i * step - 6.0
    X[i, 0] = x + np.random.normal(0, 0.1)
    X[i, 1] = 3.0 * (np.sin(x) + np.random.normal(0, 0.2))

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
plt.subplots_adjust(
    bottom=0.04, top=0.95, hspace=0.2, wspace=0.05, left=0.03, right=0.97
)

# Fit a Gaussian mixture with EM using ten components
gmm = mixture.GaussianMixture(
    n_components=10, covariance_type="full", max_iter=100
).fit(X)
plot_results(
    X, gmm.predict(X), gmm.means_, gmm.covariances_, 0, "Expectation-maximization"
)

dpgmm = mixture.BayesianGaussianMixture(
    n_components=10,
    covariance_type="full",
    weight_concentration_prior=1e-2,
    weight_concentration_prior_type="dirichlet_process",
    mean_precision_prior=1e-2,
    covariance_prior=1e0 * np.eye(2),
    init_params="random",
    max_iter=100,
    random_state=2,
).fit(X)
plot_results(
    X,
    dpgmm.predict(X),
    dpgmm.means_,
    dpgmm.covariances_,
    1,
    "Bayesian Gaussian mixture models with a Dirichlet process prior "
    r"for $\gamma_0=0.01$.",
)

X_s, y_s = dpgmm.sample(n_samples=2000)
plot_samples(
    X_s,
    y_s,
    dpgmm.n_components,
    0,
    "Gaussian mixture with a Dirichlet process prior "
    r"for $\gamma_0=0.01$ sampled with $2000$ samples.",
)

dpgmm = mixture.BayesianGaussianMixture(
    n_components=10,
    covariance_type="full",
    weight_concentration_prior=1e2,
    weight_concentration_prior_type="dirichlet_process",
    mean_precision_prior=1e-2,
    covariance_prior=1e0 * np.eye(2),
    init_params="kmeans",
    max_iter=100,
    random_state=2,
).fit(X)
plot_results(
    X,
    dpgmm.predict(X),
    dpgmm.means_,
    dpgmm.covariances_,
    2,
    "Bayesian Gaussian mixture models with a Dirichlet process prior "
    r"for $\gamma_0=100$",
)

X_s, y_s = dpgmm.sample(n_samples=2000)
plot_samples(
    X_s,
    y_s,
    dpgmm.n_components,
    1,
    "Gaussian mixture with a Dirichlet process prior "
    r"for $\gamma_0=100$ sampled with $2000$ samples.",
)

plt.show()

脚本总运行时间：（0 分 0.482 秒）